A "supermajority link" must exist between two successive checkpoints (i.e.
Upgrading considers pairs of checkpoints. Instead, only epoch-boundary blocks can be justified and finalized. These block upgrades do not happen in every slot. It cannot be reverted unless an attacker destroys millions of ether (billions of $USD). Finalizing a block is a commitment to include the block in the canonical chain. When another block is justified on top of a justified block, it is upgraded to "finalized".Justified blocks are unlikely to be reverted, but they can be under certain conditions. This condition upgrades the block to "justified". Two-thirds of the total staked ether must have voted in favor of that block's inclusion in the canonical chain.A block must pass through a two-step upgrade procedure for a block to be finalized: Finalized blocks can be thought of as information the blockchain is certain about. What is finality?įinality is a property of certain blocks that means they cannot be reverted unless there has been a critical consensus failure and an attacker has destroyed at least 1/3 of the total staked ether. Gasper is the mechanism defining how validators get rewarded and punished, decide which blocks to accept and reject, and which fork of the blockchain to build on. Gasper sits on top of a proof-of-stake blockchain where nodes provide ether as a security deposit that can be destroyed if they are lazy or dishonest in proposing or validating blocks.
To understand this material it is necessary to read the introductory page on proof-of-stake. On this page we consider the updated version. Note that the original definition of Casper-FFG was updated slightly for inclusion in Gasper. The fork choice algorithm uses accumulated votes to ensure that nodes can easily select the correct one when forks arise in the blockchain. Casper is the mechanism that upgrades certain blocks to "finalized" so that new entrants into the network can be confident that they are syncing the canonical chain. Together these components form the consensus mechanism securing proof-of-stake Ethereum.
Gasper is a combination of Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (Casper-FFG) and the LMD-GHOST fork choice algorithm.
0 kommentar(er)
